Fertility transition in Pakistan: neglected dimensions and policy implications

This research addresses some of the neglected non-program dimensions related to stagnant fertility transition in Pakistan. Previous research identified a range of factors influencing fertility in Pakistan, particularly the effect of distortions in reported ages, fertility inhibiting variables, timing of first marriage and first birth, and birth intervals. The literature provides evidence that there is no systematic analysis of these dimensions particularly at the regional levels. This research addresses these dimensions by evaluating the fertility and reproductive health data in particular using the cross-sectional data from the 1990 and 2006 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, and 2000-01 Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey.Based on the application of relevant demographic and statistical techniques, the study demonstrates evidence of clear discrepancies in age reporting among married females across the seven geographic regions. This had influence on the estimated marital fertility rates which tend to be significantly higher when the reporting effects were adjusted. The analysis of fertility inhibiting factors reveals that timing of marriage and contraceptive use are crucial determinants associated with fertility reduction in Pakistan. By far, the strongest factor driving increase at first marriage in Pakistan is the level of female education which tends to vary significantly across different geographic regions. The analysis of the duration between marriage and first conception shows rather unexpected complex hazard functions with two peaks suggesting the behaviour of two different groups of women: those adhering to the traditional pattern in which conception take place soon after marriage; and those who postpone conception after marriage. Punjab, Baluchistan and urban regions are ahead of the fertility transition at the national level, confirming the effect of longer birth intervals. Based on the analysis of the proximate determinants framework, it can be concluded that Pakistan has entered the early third phase of the fertility transition. Urban Punjab and Baluchistan have also showed convergence to the third phase of the fertility transition. Breastfeeding and amenorrhea have emerged as significant determinants of birth interval duration.The results of this study highlight various areas for programme intervention and policy development. There is a dire need for a policy to improve the levels of female literacy and education especially in poorly developed regions which are in the second phase of fertility transition. A cost-effective intervention would be using mass media, for example radio broadcasting as the medium to disseminate reproductive health and family planning information. Pakistan needs specific policy interventions aimed at empowering girls with education for delaying marriage and encouraging contraceptive use. In formal education programmes, the syllabus should include the introduction to contraception, sexual health education as well as information on sexually transmitted diseases

PENGARUH LEVERAGE, PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the effect of leverage on profitability, (2) the effect of sales growth on profitability, (3) the effect of company size on profitability. used in this study amounted to 4 companies. The results of this study indicate that leverage has a negative and significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period, sales growth has a negative and significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period. And also company size has a positive and significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period. And each independent variable has a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable simultaneously, namely leverage, sales growth and company size which have a significant effect on profitability in cigarette companies listed on the IDX during the 2016-2018 period. So it can be concluded that each independent variable has a significant influence on the dependent variable either partially or simultaneously.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh leverage terhadap profitabilitas, (2) pengaruh pertumbuhan penjualan  terhadap profitabilitas, (3) pengaruh ukuran perusahaan terhadap profitabilitas . Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan perusahaan rokok yang listing di BEI dengan jumlah sampel yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 4 perusahaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa  leverage berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018, pertumbuhan penjualan berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadal profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018. Dan juga ukuran perusahaan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018. Dan setiap variabel independen memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap variabel dependen secara simultan yaitu leverage, pertumbuhan penjualan dan ukuran perusahaan yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan rokok yang terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2016-2018. Jadi dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa setiap variabel independen memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap variabel dependen baik secara parsial maupun secara simultan

Enhancement of Ant Colony Optimization for Grid Job Scheduling and Load Balancing

Managing resources in grid computing system is complicated due to the distributed and heterogeneous nature of the resources. Stagnation in grid computing system may occur when all jobs are required or are assigned to the same resources which lead to the resources having high workload or the time taken to process a job is high. This research proposes an Enhanced Ant Colony Optimization (EACO) algorithm that caters dynamic scheduling and load balancing in the grid computing system. The proposed algorithm can overcome stagnation problem, minimize processing time, match jobs with suitable resources, and balance entire resources in grid environment. This research follows the experimental research methodology that consists of problem analysis, developing the proposed framework, constructing the simulation environment, conducting a set of experiments and evaluating the results. There are three new mechanisms in this proposed framework that are used to organize the work of an ant colony i.e. initial pheromone value mechanism, resource selection mechanism and pheromone update mechanism. The resource allocation problem is modeled as a graph that can be used by the ant to deliver its pheromone. This graph consists of four types of vertices which are job, requirement, resource and capacity that are used in constructing the grid job scheduling. The proposed EACO algorithm takes into consideration the capacity of resources and the characteristics of jobs in determining the best resource to process a job. EACO selects the resources based on the pheromone value on each resource which is recorded in a matrix form. The initial pheromone value of each resource for each job is calculated based on the estimated transmission time and execution time of a given job. Resources with high pheromone value are selected to process the submitted jobs. Global pheromone update is performed after the completion of processing the jobs in order to reduce the pheromone value of resources. A simulation environment was developed using Java programming to test the performance of the proposed EACO algorithm against existing grid resource management algorithms such as Antz algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, Space Shared algorithm and Time Shared algorithm, in terms of processing time and resource utilization. Experimental results show that EACO produced better grid resource management solution compared to other algorithms

MEMETAKAN BUDAYA ORGANISASIATAS DASAR GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KINERJA DOSEN

This research aimed to describe organizational cultural and style of leadership, analyzing organizational culture pursuant to style of leadership, analyzing organizational cultural influence to performance of lecture, and analyzing the direct and indirect influence of leadership style to the Private University lecturers’ performance. In taking the sample it uses multi stages of sampling with amount of sample as much 280 lectures. Data collecting uses questioner, interview and detection of relevant document; while analysis of data uses descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results of research indicate that: style of authority leadership have a negativity effect and significant to organizational culture; style of democratic leadership and laissez faire have positive effect and significant to organizational culture; style of democratic and authoritarian leadership have a positive effect and significant to the lecturers’ performance; style of leadership laissez faire have a negative effect and significant to the lecturers’ performance; organizational cultural have a positive effect and significant to the lecturers’ performance; leadership authority and democratic style indirectly influence positively and significant to the lecturers’ performance; and leadership style of laissez faire indirectly negatively influences the lecturers’ performance

Learning Style among Multi-Ethnic Students in Four Selected Tertiary Institutions in the Klang Valley

Learning style is affected by individual differences such as gender, academic and cultural background (Hyland, 1993). However ethnicity is indicated to be the main factor in influencing learning styles (Park, 2000 and Ewing, 1993). In relation to the above statements, Malaysia, a multiracial country provides a rich source of information in finding the relationship between ethnicity and learning styles. Although the three major races, the Malays, Chinese and Indians, are given equal opportunities to further their studies in the institutions of higher learning in the country they were brought up in different cultural backgrounds that influenced the development of their own style of learning. This study examined the learning styles of multi-ethnic students’ in four selected universities in Klang Valley in terms of gender, program of studies and academic achievement levels. Using a modified Honey and Mumford learning Style Questionnaire, 291 valid responses from two public and private universities were subjected to further quantitative analyses of the study. The result of the descriptive analyses revealed that the multi-ethnic students exhibited all the four learning styles that were Activist, Reflector, Theorist and Pragmatist style. Reflector style was found to be the most preferred learning style by the multi-ethnic students while the Activist style was the least preferred. The male and female students demonstrated different patterns of learning styles even though the Reflector style was the most preferred style of both genders. The arts and science students seemed to exhibit similar patterns of learning styles except for the Malay students. The students from IPTA and IPTS too demonstrated similar pattern of learning styles. However the result of Chi-Square Test showed that there was no significant difference in the learning styles among ethnicity, between genders and program of studies. Similarly, the ANOVA did not show any significant difference in the academic achievement among students with different learning styles. Based on the results, five conclusions are made. First, the result of the study is congruent with the learning style theories by Kirton (De Ciantis and Kirton, 1999), Kolb (1984), and Honey and Mumford (1986). Second, The Malay,Chinese and Indian are considered as all-rounder learners. Third, the learning styles have no relationship with academic achievement. Fourth, ethnicity has no bearing on learning styles among multi ethnic tertiary students. Finally, the learning styles are not significantly different between male and female students, and between science and arts students. The study has contributed new knowledge in the literature of learning styles especially the one based on Malaysian context. Besides providing more insight in understanding multi-ethnic students’ learning styles, the study also provides recommendations for higher institutions in Malaysia, providers of extension education and also creates the need for further research in this area

Metabolisme Apartement Peti Kemas

Hunian adalah sesuatu yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Namun dewasa ini, hunian menjadi hal yang sangat mahal dan sulit didapatkan karena lahan yang terbatas dan pertumbuhan penduduk yang semakin meningkat. Terutama di area perkotaan seperti Surabaya maupun Jakarta. Hunian vertical menjadi solusi primadona untuk menyelesaikan masalah keterbatasan lahan dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan penduduk di perkotaan. Namun biaya untuk membeli sebuah unit hunian vertical juga tidaklah murah mengingat biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk membangunnya juga besar. Istilah arsitektur modular sebenarnya bukan hal baru lagi terkait perihal pembangunan bangunan, bahkan rumah kita sendiri pun mungkin bisa jadi bergaya modular. Setiap merencanakan pembangunan apapun, akan selalu dihadapkan pada masalah dimensi ukuran yang akan dipakai sebagai standard perencanaan. Dimensi ukuran dasar adalah berupa modul dasar yang digunakan sebagai dasar-dasar didalam perencanaan. Sehingga dalam perancangannya, modul dasar ini dapat berkembang menjadi dimensi moduler yang merupakan kelipatan dari modul dasar. Inilah esensi dari arsitektur modular. Peti kemas adalah bahan yang mudah didapatkan didaerah kota kususnya di dekat pelabuhan. Murahnya untuk membeli peti kemas yang baru daripada mengirim peti kemas ke daerah asal membuat peti-peti tersebut menjadi limbah yang besar dan menumpuk di suatu Negara terutama Negara berkembang yang kebanyakan mengekspor bahan mentah dan tingginya impor barang hasil produksi. Sehingga peti kemas menjadi barang yang murah dan mudah didapat terutama di Surabaya maupun Jakarta Peti kemas memiliki modul yang sama dan presisi, mudah di rangkai. ================================================================= Residential is something that is very important for human life. Today, however, occupancy is very expensive and difficult to obtain due to limited land and increasing population growth. In airspace such as Surabaya or Jakarta. Vertical occupancy becomes the ultimate solution to solve the problem. The cost to build a vertical residential unit is also cheap and the cheap needed to build it is also great. The term modular architecture is not a new thing related to the construction of buildings, even our own homes may be modular. Any affix of any development, will always be faced with the problem of the size dimension to be used as the planning standard. The basic size dimension is the basic module used as the basics in planning. In the design, this basic module can develop into a modular dimension that is a multiple of the base module. This is the essence of modular architecture Containers are easily accessible in the city near the harbor. The cheap to buy new containers to transact containers to the origin of the crate becomes a huge waste and accumulates in a developing country. As soon as containers become cheap and easy to get in Surabaya or Jakarta Containers have the same module and precision, easy to assemble

Nilai-nilai Pendidikan Islam dalam Qashidah Jaljalut

INDONESIA: Nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam tidak hanya diperoleh secara langsung dari diri muslim, baik melalui istidlal maupun dari tata ucap, sikap maupun ketetapan kesehariannya, tetapi juga dapat diperoleh dari karya tulis muslim yang merupakan hasil internalisasi dan transformasi nilai Islam, salah satu karya tulis itu adalah Qashidah Jaljalut, dalam Qashidah Jaljalut ini terdapat kandungan nilai nilai pendidikan Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam dalam Qashidah Jaljalut, (2) mengidentifikasi kandungan Sastra dalam Qashidah Jaljalut, (3) mengidentifikasi relevansi nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam dalam Qashidah Jaljalut dalam praktek pendidikan Islam kontemporer. Pendekatan penelitian deskriptif-analitis, analisis isi, studi kepustakaan, tujuannya menganalisis teks Qashidah Jaljalut secara deskriptif, menganalisisnya, selanjutnya menginterpretasikan nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam dalam bait-baitnya. Hasil penelitian (1) Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Islam dalam Qashidah Jaljalut adalah (a) Keimanan pada Allah swt, Ruhaniyyat, Malaikat, Rasul, Sam’iyyat, Kitab Allah swt, (b) Tauhid Uluhiyyah, Rububiyyah, Qauly, I’tiqadi¸ Asma wa Sifat Allah swt, (c) Ibadah meliputi Doa, Shalawat, Taubat, Tawassul, dan Jihad, (d) Akhlak pada Allah swt, dan Akhlak pada Rasulullah saw, (e) Muamalah meliputi Jihad dan Niaga, (2) Sisi Sastra Qashidah Jaljalut (a) Penamaan judul diambil dari salah satu kata dalam bait, (b) Penggunaan bahasa menggunakan bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Suryani, (c) Penggunaan rima menggunakan rima akhir huruf konsonan ta tsakinah, (d) dari segi maksud isi merupakan qashidah Madakh, I’tizar, Wasf, (e) dari segi tujuan isi, merupakan qashidah ibtihalat, (f) dari segi bahar bisa memakai bahar thawil, dan bahar basith, (3) relevansinya dalam praktek pendidikan Islam kontemporer bahwa nilai-nilai Islam di pendidikan Islam harus ditanamkan, dibentuk dalam diri muslim, sehingga dapat menjadi kebiasaan bertindak dalam keseharian sehari-hari sepanjang hidup, pendidikan Islam tidak cukup sebatas transfer ilmu pada tahap kognisi saja, pendidikan Islam harus diberikan secara kombinasi yakni transfer, internalisasi, dan transformasi,sebagaimana Islam diketahui sebagai pedoman hidup muslim, sebagai bentuk ketaatan hamba kepada Allah swt sebagai Tuhan satu-satunya yang patut disembah. Ciri khas pendidikan Islam adalah internalisasi kemudian aktualisasi atau transformasinya dalam bentuk pembiasaan, baik dalam tutur lisan, tingkah laku perbuatan, maupun dalam berpikir dan berketetapan. Nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam dalam Qashidah Jaljalut sangat relevan terhadap praktek pendidikan Islam kontemporer, karena prinsipnya nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam akan berlaku dalam lingkup pendidikan Islam, karena satu ajaran pokok yakni Islam, dan satu sumber rujukan pokok yakni Al-Quran dan Hadits. ENGLISH: Islamic education values are not only obtained directly from Muslims, either through istidlal or from speech, attitudes and daily provisions, but can also be obtained from Muslim writings which are the result of internalization and transformation of Islamic education values, one of the writings is Qashidah. Jaljalut, in this Qashidah Jaljalut there are Islamic education values. This study aims to (1) identify Islamic values in Qashidah Jaljalut, (2) identify literary content in Qashidah Jaljalut, (3) identify the relevance of Islamic values in Qashidah Jaljalut in contemporary Islamic education practices. Descriptive-analytical research approach, content analysis, literature study, the aim is to analyze the text of Qashidah Jaljalut descriptively, analyze it, then interpret Islamic values in its verses. The results of the study (1) Islamic education values in Qashidah Jaljalut are (a) Faith in Allah swt, Ruhaniyyat, Angels, Apostles, Sam'iyyat, Allah's Book, (b) Tauhid Uluhiyyah, Rububiyyah, Qauly, I'tiqadi¸ Asma wa Sifat of Allah swt, (c) Worship includes Prayer, Shalawat, Repentance, Tawassul, and Jihad, (d) Morals to Allah swt, and Morals to the Messenger of Allah, (e) Muamalah includes Jihad and Commerce, (2) The Literary Side of Qashidah Jaljalut (a) The naming of the title is taken from one of the one word in the stanza, (b) the use of language using Arabic and Syriac, (c) the use of rhyme using the final rhyme of the consonant letter ta tsakinah, (d) in terms of content meaning it is qashidah Madakh, I'tizar, Wasf, (e) in terms of content objectives, it is qashidah ibtihalat, (f) in terms of bahar can be using bahar thawil, and bahar basith, (3) its relevance in contemporary Islamic education practice that Islamic education values in Islamic education must be instilled, formed in Muslims , so that it can become a habit of acting in everyday life Every day throughout life, Islamic education is not enough to be limited to the transfer of knowledge at the cognitive stage, Islamic education must be given in a combination, namely transfer, internalization, and transformation, as Islam is known as a Muslim way of life, as a form of obedience to Allah swt as one God. the only one worthy of worship. The hallmark of Islamic education is its internalization and then its actualization or transformation in the form of habituation, both in oral speech, behavior and actions, as well as in thinking and making decisions. The Islamic values in Qashidah Jaljalut are very relevant to the practice of contemporary Islamic education, because in principle Islamic education values will apply within the scope of Islamic education, because there is one main teaching, namely Islam, and one main reference source, namely the Al-Quran and Hadith. ARABIC: لا يتم الحصول على قيم التربية الإسلامية مباشرة من المسلمين فقط ، سواء من خلال الاستدلال أو من الكلام والمواقف والأحكام اليومية ، ولكن يمكن الحصول عليها أيضًا من الكتابات الإسلامية التي نتجت عن استيعاب قيم التربية الإسلامية وتحويلها ، ومن كتاباته القصيدة. جلجلوت ، في هذه القصيدة جلجلوت هناك قيم التربية الإسلامية. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى (1) التعرف على قيم التربية الإسلامية في قصيدة جلجلوت ، (2) التعرف على المحتوى الأدبي في قصيدة جلجلوت ، (3) تحديد علاقة قيم التربية الإسلامية في قصيدة جلجلوت بممارسات التربية الإسلامية المعاصرة. منهج البحث الوصفي التحليلي ، تحليل المضمون ، دراسة الأدب ، الهدف منه تحليل نص قصيدة جلجلوت وصفيًا ، وتحليله ، ثم تفسير القيم الإسلامية في آياته. نتائج الدراسة (1) قيم التربية الإسلامية في قصيدة جلجلوت هي: (أ) الإيمان بالله سبحانه وتعالى ، روحانيات ، ملائكة ، رسل ، سمعيات ، كتاب الله ، (ب) توحيد ألوهية ، ربوبية ، قاولي ، اعتقادي. ¸ أسماء وصفات الله سبحانه وتعالى. (ج) وتشمل العبادة الصلاة ، والشلوة ، والتوبة ، والتواصل ، والجهاد ،(د) والأخلاق إلى الله سبحانه وتعالى ، والأخلاق إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم, (ه) المعاملة هي الجهاد والتجارة، (2) الجانب الأدبي لقشيدة جلجلوت: (ا) تسمية العنوان مأخوذة من كلمة واحدة في المقطع ، (ب) استخدام اللغة باستخدام العربية والسريانية ، (ج) استخدام القافية باستخدام القافية النهائية للحرف الساكن تا تسكينه ، (د) من حيث المحتوى بمعنى أنها قصيدة مدخ ، وتعصير ، وصف ، (هـ) من حيث أهداف المحتوى ، فهي قصيدة ابتهالات ، (و) من حيث البحار يستعمل بحر الطويل ، وبحرالبسيط، (3) أهميتها في ممارسة التربية الإسلامية المعاصرة أن قيم التربية الإسلامية في التربية الإسلامية يجب أن تُغرس ، وتشكل في المسلمين ، حتى تصبح عادة للتصرف في الحياة اليومية. كل يوم طوال الحياة ، لا يكفي التعليم الإسلامي ليقتصر على نقل المعرفة في المرحلة المعرفية ، يجب أن يتم تقديم التربية الإسلامية في مجموعة ، أي النقل والاستيعاب والتحول ، حيث يُعرف الإسلام بأسلوب حياة المسلم كشكل من أشكال طاعة الله سبحانه وتعالى كإله واحد ، وهو الوحيد الذي يستحق العبادة. إن السمة المميزة للتربية الإسلامية هي استيعابها ثم تحقيقها أو تحولها في شكل التعود ، سواء في الكلام الشفوي أو السلوك أو الأفعال ، وكذلك في التفكير واتخاذ القرارات. قيم التربية الإسلامية في قصيدة جلجلوت وثيقة الصلة بممارسة التربية الإسلامية المعاصرة ، لأن القيمة الإسلامية من حيث المبدأ ستنطبق في نطاق التربية الإسلامية ، لأن هناك تعليمًا رئيسيًا واحدًا ، وهو الإسلام ، ومصدر مرجعي رئيسي واحد. وهي القرآن والحديث

Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja dan Kompetensi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dengan Disiplin Kerja Sebagai Mediasi (Studi kasus Di Lingkungan Kantor Kecamatan Junrejo Kota Batu)

The purpose of this study was to test and analyze the effect of work motivation on work discipline, to test and analyze the effect of competence on work discipline, to test and analyze the effect of work motivation on employee performance, to test and analyze the influence of competence on employee performance, to test and analyze the effect of work discipline on employee performance, to test and analyze the effect of work motivation through work discipline on employee performance, to test and analyze the effect of competence through work discipline on employee performance. This research is a quantitative research using explanatory research. The results showed that: (i) Work motivation had a significant effect on work discipline. (ii) Competence had a significant effect on work discipline. (iii) Work motivation has a significant effect on employee performance. (iv) Competence has a significant effect on employee performance. (v) Work discipline has a significant effect on employee performance. (vi) Work motivation through work discipline has a significant effect on employee performance. (vii) Competence through work discipline has no significant effect on employee performance.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Motivasi kerja terhadap disiplin kerja, Untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Kompetensi terhadap disiplin kerja, Untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai, Untuk menguji dan menganalisispengaruh Kompetensi terhadap kinerja pegawai, Untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai, Untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Motivasi kerja melalui disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai, Untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Kompetensi melalui disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan penelitian eksplanatori. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (i) Motivasi kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap disiplin kerja.. (ii) Kompetensi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap disiplin kerja. (iii) Motivasi kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai. (iv) Kompetensi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai. (v) Disiplin kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai. (vi) Motivasi kerja melalui disiplin kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai. (vii) Kompetensi melalui disiplin kerja tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawa

Hybridization of enhanced ant colony system and Tabu search algorithm for packet routing in wireless sensor network

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), high transmission time occurs when search agent focuses on the same sensor nodes, while local optima problem happens when agent gets trapped in a blind alley during searching. Swarm intelligence algorithms have been applied in solving these problems including the Ant Colony System (ACS) which is one of the ant colony optimization variants. However, ACS suffers from local optima and stagnation problems in medium and large sized environments due to an ineffective exploration mechanism. This research proposes a hybridization of Enhanced ACS and Tabu Search (EACS(TS)) algorithm for packet routing in WSN. The EACS(TS) selects sensor nodes with high pheromone values which are calculated based on the residual energy and current pheromone value of each sensor node. Local optima is prevented by marking the node that has no potential neighbour node as a Tabu node and storing it in the Tabu list. Local pheromone update is performed to encourage exploration to other potential sensor nodes while global pheromone update is applied to encourage the exploitation of optimal sensor nodes. Experiments were performed in a simulated WSN environment supported by a Routing Modelling Application Simulation Environment (RMASE) framework to evaluate the performance of EACS(TS). A total of 6 datasets were deployed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Results showed that EACS(TS) outperformed in terms of success rate, packet loss, latency, and energy efficiency when compared with single swarm intelligence routing algorithms which are Energy-Efficient Ant-Based Routing (EEABR), BeeSensor and Termite-hill. Better performances were also achieved for success rate, throughput, and latency when compared to other hybrid routing algorithms such as Fish Swarm Ant Colony Optimization (FSACO), Cuckoo Search-based Clustering Algorithm (ICSCA), and BeeSensor-C. The outcome of this research contributes an optimized routing algorithm for WSN. This will lead to a better quality of service and minimum energy utilization